secrets of underground medicine free download pdf

Librarians became especially active, using borrowed access passwords to download copies of scientific and scholarly articles from Western Internet sources, then uploading them to RuNet.

The volunteers moved into the Russian computer network ('RuNet') in the 1990s, which became awash with hundreds of thousands of uncoordinated contributions. This was legalized under Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, and expanded very rapidly at a time of affordable desktop computers and scanners, and very small research budgets. In a society where access to printing was strictly controlled by heavy-handed censorship, dissident intellectuals hand copied and retyped manuscripts for secret circulation. Library Genesis has roots in the illegal underground samizdat culture in the Soviet Union. Others assert that academic publishers unfairly benefit from government-funded research, written by researchers, many of whom are employed by public universities, and that Libgen is helping to disseminate research that should be freely available in the first place. Publishers like Elsevier have accused Library Genesis of internet piracy. Libgen provides access to copyrighted works, such as PDFs of content from Elsevier's ScienceDirect web-portal. Libgen describes itself as a 'links aggregator', providing a searchable database of items 'collected from publicly available public Internet resources' as well as files uploaded 'from users'. The site enables free access to content that is otherwise paywalled or not digitized elsewhere. Library Genesis ( Libgen) is a file-sharing based shadow library website for scholarly journal articles, academic and general-interest books, images, comics, audiobooks, and magazines.

Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients.

Secrets of underground medicine free download pdf